نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال یازدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 75، شهریور 1401)

Adaptation to chronic diseases is an essential strategy for patients' satisfaction with individual and social life and to improve their performance and efficiency with chronic illnesses. In addition to causing biological disorders, chronic diseases cause problems and mental conditions for patients, so their resilience is significantly reduced. Decreased stability causes them to experience psychological suffering in addition to feeling physical pain consistently. Adaptation to chronic illness reduces abnormal psychological outcomes and increases life satisfaction in patients with chronic illness. Anxiety, stress, and depression caused by chronic diseases in the global corona outbreak, due to the frightening and mysterious nature of the virus, and its high mortality rate, have been added to the anxiety caused by chronic disease. Therefore, to adapt to chronic diseases in pandemic conditions, more efforts are needed, and it is necessary to revise the traditional protocols and adapt them to the current conditions. Among the factors that effectively reduce the psychological consequences of chronic diseases, spirituality has an important role that is described in this article.

Although vaccination is declared as one way of ending the COVID-19 pandemic, many people who have access to vaccines refuse to be vaccinated. This study aimed to explore the reasons why people would refuse to receive the COVID-19 vaccine despite its availability. The present investigation is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive phenomenological qualitative as regards its methodology and it was carried out in 2022. The study population comprised 18- to 55-year-old Iran-residing citizens who had not received a COVID-19 vaccine prior to the study onset. The convenience sampling method was employed to select 35 individuals as the sample. Sampling continued until data saturation was reached. The instruments included semi-structured interviews and the seven-step data analysis method developed by Colaizzi. Twenty-six initial codes, 12 clusters, and six major themes emerged from the data analysis. The themes comprised "ambiguity", "ineffectiveness", "mistrust", "advertising", "fear", and "needlessness". It may be safe to conclude that public health policy-making in the media with a focus on these topics, as well as ongoing public education based on disambiguation, trust-building, and reassurance for those who avoid vaccination, can result in reduced vaccine hesitancy and improved public immunization.

The aim of the present study was to construct and validate the Scale of possible harms in major selection for university admission. The research method used in this study was the mixed method and the statistical population was the incoming students of Tabriz University and Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in the 2021-2022 academic year. In the qualitative section, a sample of 24 students from the departments of humanities, engineering, basic sciences, and medical sciences were purposefully selected and interviewed. Then, in the quantitative part of this study and the initial study, 188 students and in the final implementation 375 students from educational departments were selected by stratified cluster sampling. The results of internal consistency validation based on Cronbach's alpha were 0.83. Studies related to the validity of the content, the prediction, and the structure of the scale of the damages of the process of choosing the field of the entrance to the university showed the validity of the mentioned scale. Findings from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the harms of harms in major selection for university admission consist of three main factors: personal harms, social harms, and structural and managerial harms. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the 19-item form of the Injury Scale in the process of choosing a university entry course for Iranian students has sufficient validity and reliability.

The purpose of the present study, in order to analyze the causes of the context and the consequences of extramarital relationships (marital infidelity) from the perspective of married youth in Kermanshah. The research method was a qualitative methodological approach using the grounded theory method. The Statistical Society of all married youth was involved in Kermanshah's transcendental relations in 2019. Based on the theoretical sampling method, 22 people (11 men and 11 women) participated in the study using in-depth and semi-structured interview techniques. The results showed that two nuclear categories in the areas of individual and interpersonal issues, and community issues, were obtained as underlying factors. In the field of individual and interpersonal issues; Individualism, past issues, moral and religious weakness, failure to meet sexual needs, failure to meet emotional and psychological needs, verbal, physical, and sexual violence, and lack of control over life have all been influential. In the field of community issues; Environmental, social and political issues, poverty and economic problems, addiction, and media war were influential. Overall, the findings of this study showed that sexual and emotional needs, poverty, and economic problems, along with addiction were the main causes of infidelity from the perspective of both men and women. The consequences of extramarital relationships include interpersonal problems between couples, reduction in personal acts, granted isolation, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, suicide, and murder. Researchers and policymakers in the field of marriage and family can reduce the likelihood of inclination to extramarital relationships by eliminating the causes of couples' tendency to extramarital relationships and strengthening their deterrents and functional environment, and providing the basis for the stability of the coupled system and family.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological factors affecting the culture and awareness of cyber security in the period of Covid-19 outbreak by qualitative method and theme analysis. Research data from upstream documents that include all valid articles published in 2020 to 2022 inside and outside the country, with 4 keywords (culture, awareness, cyber security, psychological factors) in the databases Civilica, Noormags, Magiran, google scholar, science direct and academia have been collected and reviewed in the framework of MAXQDA software. The criteria for entering articles in the research was the applicable content for the research question and studies related to the target variable and the criteria for excluding abstracts, book chapters, short reports and lack of access to the full text of the article. Validity was assessed using content validity and data reliability was estimated using Holstie method. Findings showed that out of 45 themes identified were formed from the coding of upstream documents and texts, 6 sub-themes (psychological, behavioral, family-social, economic, legal and technical). According to the findings, among all the identified sub-themes, the most themes were related to psychological themes (16 themes) in which the themes of self-efficacy, attachment, emotional stress, emotions, thoughts and beliefs, attitudes, motivation, personality traits and health Psychics were topics of particular importance.

Individuals can be intimate with each other through a variety of mechanisms, but one of these key factors is Perceived Partner Responsiveness (PPR). Because there was no rich literature review on this construct in the country, the purpose of this study was to bring in the concept of perceived partner responsiveness, its elements, how this structure works, significant effects of this structure on different areas of individual's life and the positive consequences of its existence in relationships and the negative consequences of its absence in human interactions. This study was a systematic review of most of the scientific sources related to this structure in scientific databases. Related sources were downloaded from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Sage, Wiley, Springer, Taylor and Francis, and the social-scientific ResearchGate database from 1992 to 2022 and those sources that met the research criteria (sources that included the counteractive role of perceived partner responsiveness and also included the keywords of PPR and intimacy) were included in the study (57 studies) and unrelated sources (84 studies) were excluded (141 studies in total). Findings of various studies indicate that the perceived partner responsiveness by neutralizing negative consequences and increasing positive emotions, affections, and constructive attitudes toward each other in interactions has always been the most important predictor of intimacy and satisfaction in relationships. Consequently, PPR will develop the happiness and well-being of individuals.

What is the cornerstone of humanity and what does it mean to deny human qualities, which is meant as dehumanization? To achieve a comprehensive definition of the concept of humanity and dehumanization, the present study reviews the recent theories that constitute their main constituents. In this regard, studies that have sought to integrate existing views on these concepts, divide humanity into dual aspects, some of which are unique to humans and others to the nature of being human. Consequently, the conceptualization of humanity, the denial of each aspect or both, creates different manifestations of dehumanization. De-humanization has common and serious consequences, such as reduced pro-social behavior, parochial empathy, increased antisocial behavior, and violations of the moral rights of de-humanized individuals and groups, this has led to the need to pay more attention to ways to prevent and mitigate the occurrence of this phenomenon and its consequences. In this regard, studies have proposed strategies such as increasing social contact and creating a shared identity beyond conventional biases.

Persuasion, in general, is a process in which an agent by presenting a message or using some goal-oriented cognitive processes and strategies tries to change the behaviors or attitudes of others on a specific issue. The current article, with a qualitative approach, made the clarification of these cognitive processes the basis of its study. For this purpose, first, a brief background of the oldest theory of persuasion from Aristotle's point of view as well as Max Weber's classifications of social actions in modern social sciences was presented. Then, to describe the mechanisms of persuasion, four well-known models were presented with a brief explanation of their similarities and differences. These four models are respectively Cialdini's constructivist model, elaboration likelihood and heuristic systematic model which are of dual-process type, and finally the holistic persuasion knowledge model. In addition, a description of persuasive discourse devices such as textual schemas and genres along with the specific socio-cognitive goals they pursue in discourse communities was provided. In the end, the lack of local models of persuasion compatible with the emotional and cognitive components of the cultural groups of Iranian society and the necessity of field research, in this case, was pointed out to future researchers.

Communicating with the opposite sex is an important part of human life, especially for young people; several factors, including sexual education, are influential in the degree of tendency or non-tendency to such relationships. The aim of this study was to investigate sexual education in girls with premarital relationships. The study population consisted of young girls who had experienced premarital sex with the opposite sex (whether sexual, emotional, or emotional-sexual). The samples included 12 female students in the age group of 22-28 and living in Tehran in 2019- 2021 and had such relationships and were selected by purposive sampling method. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. Colaizzi's method was used to analyze the data. The results identified 2 main categories, 7 subcategories, and 20 primary concepts. The two main categories are family performance and attitude in relation to sex education and sociocultural information resources related to sex education. The present study showed that the lack of proper sexual education, either directly or indirectly, leads people to establish a relationship with the opposite sex before marriage; Therefore, it is suggested to hold meetings based on providing sex education to parents and educators in centers such as kindergartens, schools, and neighborhood centers, and apply suitably and enhancing educational methods to them. Also, in order to prevent the increasing prevalence of premarital relationships, it is recommended that universities, families, officials, and cultural planners use preventive programs in this direction.

Substance abuse is one of the challenges facing adolescent boys. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk and protective factors associated with substance use in Iranian adolescent boys. The data were searched using the systematic review method in four databases of Civilica, Noormags, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Iranian Scientific Database, and 246 documents were found. Twenty Persian studies that examined individual, family, social and biological risk and protective factors related to the use of psychoactive substances in adolescent boys in Iranian society in the last twenty years met the criteria for inclusion in this study. 20 variables were identified and grouped as risk factors and 26 as protective factors. Among the identified variables, 4 variables had a strong correlation, 35 variables had a moderate correlation and 7 variables had a weak correlation with substance use. Among the risk factors of Academic alienation, emotionality, and negative emotions and among the protective factors of prosocial behavior, resilience and family functioning had the highest correlation with substance use. The analysis of the findings showed that the frequency and intensity of emotional experiences, significantly negative emotions such as sadness and anger, and their regulation strategies strongly correlate with the criterion of substance use in Iranian adolescent boys.

The mother-child relationship is one of the affecting factors in the psychological development of children. Many human abilities such as thinking, language, self-awareness, etc. come from the first human relationship in which the child is involved. This study aimed to design a conceptual model of the mother-child relationship based on the mothers' direct experiences in the form of a deep approach. The present study was qualitative and grounded theory type. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers with daughters aged 10 to 11 years old in the Tebadkan district of Mashhad in the 2021-2022  academic year. Participants in the study were 30 mothers who were selected by theoretical sampling. Semi-structured interview tool was used to collect information. Data analysis was performed based on the model of Strauss-Corbin and a total of 112 concepts were identified which were arranged into 14 sub-themes and 5 main themes. The results were placed according to the paradigm model in the contextual, environmental,  mediational, strategy, and outcome fields. Findings showed that factors such as a mother's self-awareness, mindful parenting, and emotional regulation ability can be used as practical strategies to empower mothers to improve relationships with their children. Effective contextual and environmental factors on the quality of communication such as having a suitable pattern and socio-economic status are also among the prerequisites that can affect the quality of the relationship. The proposed strategies in this study lead to a good relationship that provides the basis for the child's next relationship in the community, which is itself a long-term investment. Planning and diligence in order to empower parents, especially mothers, to improve this basic relationship can be considered by those involved in education.

In the last half-century, fundamental changes in the shape and characteristics of the family, the transfer of the extended family to the nuclear, and consequently the decrease in the birth rate and the increase in the desire for voluntary monogamy in Iran are noticeable. The aim of this study was to explore the individual and interpersonal dimensions of an individual child's life according to her narratives of life. The method of this research is a qualitative type of narrative research. The data collection tool in this study was a semi-structured interview. Narrative analysis was based on the coding method of Strauss and Corbin. The results showed: ambivalence in family interactions (protective relationship and Loneliness –Dependence Feeling), Incoherent personality structure (positive and negative moral and behavioral characteristics), and unlimited social interactions (communication restriction). Relatives; poor communication with friends and peers). In general, it can be said that the psychological profile of single children and the extent or limitation of their social interactions is a multifaceted phenomenon and is influenced by several factors. In general, it is the context of family relationships that justifies the conditions for the development of sometimes contradictory characteristics of single children.

The purpose of this research was to study the educational challenges of students after returning to school during the Corona. The research method was qualitative and phenomenology. Data collection was done through in-depth semi-structured interviews. The population included all female students aged 15-18 in Tehran in 1400. Sampling was purposeful and interviews were continued until data saturation. The number of participants in this study was 10 people. Data were analyzed using the seven-step Collaizi method. The main themes of the study were "Challenges of attending class after returning to school during the corona" and "Challenges of changing academic style and adjustment after returning to school during the corona". According to the results of this study, face-to-face training after online training and quarantine faced students with serious challenges. In fact, the challenges of students in various dimensions show that future programs need to focus on preventing and reducing damage at home and at school. Therefore, the need for planning to reduce and manage students' challenges during the return to school will be essential.

Covid 19  has had a profound impact on the population around the world, and throughout the world, it has endangered the psychological and physical health of people.  People with intellectual disabilities are a vulnerable group, especially against the threats caused by Covid 19. The purpose of the present study was to review research on the consequences of Covid 19  on people with intellectual disabilities. The method of investigating the data in the present study was a systematic review. Its methodology is also based on the collection, classification, and summarizing of the findings of scientific articles related Covid 19, people with intellectual disabilities, and their families between 2019 - 2022 from Persian And English Information Databases: Science Direct, Eric، Ebsco,  Google Scholar، Scopus، Science Direct, Pubmed, SID, Magiran and Noormags, and the keywords of Corona, people with intellectual disability and their families have been sought. In the initial searches, 70 articles were selected, and the following  31articles related to the consequence of Covid  19 in people with intellectual disabilities and their families were selected. Among them, 6 articles were eliminated due to a Lack of access to the full text of the article, 5 articles were eliminated due to the repetition of the subject on several databases, and finally, 20 articles were selected. The results showed that due to the vulnerability of people with intellectual disabilities against the infection of Covid  19and its social, educational, psychological, and health consequences, specialists and hand-in-laws recognize the consequences of Covid  19on  people with intellectual disabilities. provide the basis for the training, education, intervention, and treatment of these people and their families.

Equanimity is a kind of receptive consciousness with a non-reactive attitude that is the main component of mindfulness practice and is known as the key mechanism of mindfulness-based interventions. The aim of this study was to survey the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Equanimity Scale. The method of the present study was a descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study was all clients of counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran in 1399, of which 315 were selected as a sample by the available sampling method. The instruments used in the study included the Equanimity Scale (ES-16) (Rogers, Shires,& Cayoun 2020), the Self-Control questionnaire (Tangney, Baumeister and Boone, 2004) the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) (Simmons and Gahr, 2005). Research data were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson coefficient using SPSS 24 and AMOS 22 software. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the Iranian version of the Equanimity Scale includes 16 questions and two subscales. Confirmation indices of the model Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the appropriate fit of the model.  There was a significant direct relationship between the scale of Equanimity with distress tolerance and self-control (P<0.01). Cronbach's alpha was obtained for the whole scale of 0.79. The Iranian version of the Persian Equanimity Scale has good psychometric properties and can be used.

The aim of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of McCaffrey et al.'s (2017) mindfulness parenting scale.  The participants of the study were 323 mothers of high school students (tenth to twelfth) of the four schools of Shiraz in the academic year 1399-1399 who were selected based on cluster random sampling and mindful parenting questionnaire (MIPQ), McCaffrey et al.,  2017), Academic Vitality (AB), Dehghani Zadeh and Hossein Chari (2012) and Adolescent and Adult Mindfulness (AAMS) (Drutman et al., 2018).  Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods and reliability methods were used to evaluate the validity.  The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two factors of presence with the child (minimum factor load 0.40 and maximum 0.60) and mindfulness training (minimum factor load 0.36 and maximum factor load 0.66).  The results of internal correlation were convergent validity (a relatively high correlation of 0.72 between the dimensions of presence with the child and mindful education and a high correlation of 0.86 and 0.89 between each dimension and the total score of the scale, P <0.01) and divergent scale (no  Confirms the significant relationship between academic vitality and mindful parenting).  To determine the reliability of the scale, Cronbach's alpha method was used. All coefficients (presence next to the child 0.82, mindfulness training 0.85, and total reliability coefficient 0.90) indicated acceptable internal consistency of the subscales and the total score of the scale.  The results show that the mindful parenting scale has very good validity and reliability in Iranian mothers.

Repeat victims are referred to as people who have been victims of domestic violence frequently without leaving the abusive relationship. Although these traits may affect their communication, research has not specifically examined the relational patterns of this group of people. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relational patterns through core conflictual relationship themes in order to track the possible impact of the past. To this end, the basic qualitative method was used. The population of the present study included women victims of repeated violence in Tehran in 1400 and the sampling of it was saturated and completed after conducting a semi-structured interview with the eighth person. The findings demonstrate that repeat victims had shaped most of their relationships only based on the need to be loved, their aspirations were not diverse. In addition, all our participants had experienced relational traumas which transmitted from their family of origin to their current relationships. Trauma was generally transmitted, but it had different characteristics concerning different individuals. For example, the parent and spouse relational patterns were quite similar, but the relationships with friends were different. For the individual, the need for self-expression and independence was only present in relationships with the latter group; hence, it can be said that our participants tried to experience what was deprived of them in the relationships with the former group. What caused the relationship with friends to differ to a degree from their stereotypical relationships was that the person felt mastery and parity in the relationship. Therefore, if the recurrent violence or the stereotypical relationships of repeat victims is to be stopped or broken, experiencing mastery and agency is a necessity.

Education and learning have a special place as an important part of the development and identity of each person. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to this category and the obstacles to its realization in different situations with a special educational structure such as villages. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively study teachers' perceptions of barriers to effective education in rural areas. The present study applied qualitative and content analysis and used Brown and Clark's (2006) theme analysis technique. The statistical population of teachers in Qom province was in 1400 who had a history of serving in the village. Using the purposive sampling method, 24 teachers were selected. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews that included questions about barriers to effective education in rural areas. The results showed that the barriers to effective education in rural areas can be examined from the perspective of teachers in 6 areas: 1) infrastructure problems and barriers 2) family barriers 3) intra-personal barriers 4) teacher barriers 5) situational barriers 6) economic barriers. Teachers have also come up with solutions to these problems, which are referred to as preventative components of problems and remedial factors. It can be concluded that the barriers to effective education in rural areas can be discussed and planned from the perspective of teachers from the various angles mentioned in the results. From this point of view, more attention to the issue of education and learning in rural areas is very important.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is introduced as new eating and eating disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), and is a relatively new diagnostic category of eating and eating disorders. People with ARFID avoid or are uninterested in food for various reasons, not because of a desire to lose weight or a body image disorder. The occurrence of such a disorder in children due to their developmental period can lead to irreversible medical complications and functional-social disorders. Since the definition of this disorder, studies on the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome in the pediatric population have been very limited, so the purpose of this article is to describe and clarify the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations, prevalence, etiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment of ARFID restriction in children. It is hoped that the theoretical basis for further research, parental awareness, and support and knowledge for better diagnosis and treatment by therapists will be provided.

The sense of meaning in life is an experience that is considered desirable by the anxious human being of today’s society. This has been noted by researchers in the field of mental health due to the effect that having meaning has on people’s satisfaction and welfare. The present study aims to study the phenomenological methods and styles in people’s lives that lead to the experience of meaning. The present study was a qualitative research using latent thematic analysis method. The research performed semi-structural interviews in 5 focus groups with 33 participants and investigated college Student experiences about meaning in life and methods to achieve them. The six phase strategy of Brown and Clark (2006) was used to extract themes. After analyzing the results, one main theme, two themes and three subthemes was extracted. The main theme is “meaning worktool”, the themes are: “mindfulness” and “responsible action”, and the subthemes are: “agency attitude”, “action”, and “continuity”. The results of this study will be able to help make the experience of meaning accessible to individuals, both in the form of education and treatment that can be cited by experts.